HTTPS 与 TLS 证书：Let's Encrypt 及生产环境最佳实践

Let's Encrypt：免费自动化 TLS

# 安装并获取证书
apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com

# 自动续期
systemctl enable certbot.timer
certbot renew --dry-run

Nginx TLS 配置（A+ 评级）

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload";
    ssl_stapling on;
    ssl_stapling_verify on;
    resolver 8.8.8.8 valid=300s;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
}

server { listen 80; server_name example.com; return 301 https://$host$request_uri; }

mTLS 服务间认证

# 生成 CA
openssl genrsa -out ca.key 4096
openssl req -x509 -new -key ca.key -sha256 -days 3650 -out ca.crt -subj "/CN=Internal CA"

# 生成服务证书
openssl genrsa -out service.key 2048
openssl req -new -key service.key -out service.csr -subj "/CN=service-a"
openssl x509 -req -in service.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out service.crt -days 365

# Nginx mTLS
ssl_client_certificate /etc/ssl/ca.crt;
ssl_verify_client on;

证书过期监控

echo | openssl s_client -servername example.com -connect example.com:443 2>/dev/null   | openssl x509 -noout -dates

-> 使用 Base64 转换器 对证书进行编码。